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| 1854 |
| | | The Boers establish the Orange Free State as an independent republic, with its own custom-built constitution | |
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| 1854 |
| | | Commodore Matthew Perry, commanding a powerful US fleet, persuades the Japanese to open their country to western trade – ending their period of isolation | |
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| 1854 |
| | | The controversial Kansas-Nebraska Act passes into law, enabling citizens of these territories to decide whether or not to allow slavery | |
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| 1854 |
| | | US minister to Mexico James Gadsden secures a treaty by which the USA purchases from Mexico much of southern Arizona | |
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| 1854 |
| | | Austrian monk Gregor Mendel begins his study of pea plants in the garden of the Abbey of St Thomas in Brno | |
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| 1854 |
| | | William Baikie, on an expedition up the Niger, protects his men from malaria by administering quinine | |
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| 1854 |
| | | Ferdinand de Lesseps is granted the concession to construct a canal from the Mediterranean to the Red Sea | |
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| 1854 |
| | | Australian gold diggers, angered by the requirement to purchase a licence, make a defiant stand at the Eureka stockade | |
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| 1854 |
| | | English physician John Snow proves that cholera is spread by infected water (from a pump in London's Broad Street) | |
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| 1854 |
| | | Britain and France enter the war between Turkey and Russia, on the Turkish side | |
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